Missing Financial Data

Bryzgalova, S, Lerner, S, Lettau, M and Pelger, M (2025) Missing Financial Data. Review of Financial Studies, 38 (3). pp. 803-882. ISSN 0893-9454

Abstract

We document the widespread nature and structure of missing observations of firm fundamentals and show how to systematically handle them. Missing financial data affects more than 70% of firms that represent about half of the total market cap. Firm fundamentals have complex systematic missing patterns, invalidating traditional approaches to imputation. We propose a novel imputation method to obtain a fully observed panel of firm fundamentals that exploits both time-series and cross-sectional dependency of data to impute missing values and allows for general systematic patterns of missingness. We document important implications for risk premiums estimates, cross-sectional anomalies, and portfolio construction.